Fig. 4

A The production processes of the PCL/Fe₃O₄/ICA 2D membrane and 3D scaffold. The tubular fibrous membrane obtained from the rotary device is denoted as TFM, while the 2D membrane directly collected from the flat plate is labeled as 2D-PM. Additionally, 2D-RM represents the 2D membrane cut from TFM collected using the rotary device. The scaffold derived from 2D-PM is termed 3D-PS, and the scaffold originating from 2D-RM is named 3D-RS. B-J The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image shows Fe₃O₄ MNPs, while the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showcase various compositions of 2D-RMs collected by the rotary collector. These compositions include: B Fe₃O₄ MNPs; C PCL; D PCL/ICA; E PCL/Fe₃O₄-0.25%; F PCL/Fe₃O₄-0.5%; G PCL/Fe₃O₄-1%; and H-J PCL/Fe₃O₄/ICA. The highlighted rows indicate the presence of Fe₃O₄ MNPs. Reprinted with permission from [91]