Table 1 Summary of representative clinical studies performed during the period (2011–2016) to estimate global levels of DNA methylation derivatives. Abbreviations: FFPE- Archived Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded; IHC- Immunohistochemistry; Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS)
From: Technical advances in global DNA methylation analysis in human cancers
Epigenetic Mark | Method of Study | Tumor type | Observation | Clinical relevance of observation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5mC | IHC | Colorectal cancer (n = 30) Vs Control group (n = 30) | Loss of 5mC | Associated with advanced colorectal adenomatous polyps [88] |
5hmC | IHC | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n = 111) Vs matched adjacent tissue | Loss of 5hmC | No correlation with grade/prognosis [89] |
5hmC | IHC | Urothelial cell carcinoma (n = 55) Vs matched adjacent tissue | Loss of 5hmC | No correlation with grade/prognosis [89] |
5mC & 5hmC | LC-ESI-MS | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (n = 36) Vs paired normal | Loss of 5hmCNo change in 5mC | No correlation with grade/prognosis [90] |
5mC | IHC | Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) (n = 248) Vs Tumor adjacent normal (TAN) (n = 235) | Loss of 5hmC | Associated with the poor disease-specific survival in TSCC patients [91] |
5mC | ELISA | Renal Cell Carcinoma (n = 889) Vs age, gender, ethnicity matched control group (n = 889) | Loss of 5mC | Associated with risk of developing RCC [92] |
5mC | LINE1pyrosequencing | Hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 208) | Loss of 5mC | Associated with poor disease free survival [93] |
5mC | LINE1 LUMA | Leukocytes of Breast cancer patients (n = 384) Vs matched control (n = 384) | Loss of 5mC | Associated with occurrence of cancer regardless of hormone receptor status [94] |
5mC | LINE-1 Pyrosequencing | Colorectal cancer with liver metastases (n = 42) Vs matched primary (n = 24) | No change | No correlation [95] |
5mC | LC-MS/MS | Laryngeal cancer (n = 72) Vs adjacent normal laryngeal tissue (n = 72) | Loss of 5mC in both groups | No correlation [96] |
5mC | IHC | Prostate Cancer (n = 48) Vs adjacent benign (n = 48) | Loss of 5mC | No correlation with prognostic /pathologic grade [97] |
5hmC | IHC | Parathyroid carcinoma (n = 17) Vs Parathyroid adenoma (n = 43) | Loss of 5hmC | Diagnostic criterion for rare disease [98] |
5hmC | LC-MS/MS | Bone marrow & Blood from AML (n = 206) Vs Healthy control | Wide range of 5hmC | High 5hmC levels associated with poor prognosis, low levels have no correlation [99] |
5hmC | IHC | Glioblastoma (n = 162) Vs healthy control (n = 66) | Loss of 5hmC | Marker for tumor infiltration zones [100] |
5caC | IHC | Breast cancer (n = 59) Vs healthy control (n = 28) | Gain of 5caC | No correlation arrived at [38] |
5mC, 5hmC, 5fC & 5caC | LC-ESI-MS | Colorectal carcinoma (n = 24) Vs matched tumor-adjacent normal | Loss of 5hmC, 5fC and 5caC. No change in 5mC | No correlation arrived at [39] |