Table 1 Bonding strategies of SDF-1α-loaded scaffolds

Direct loading or adsorption

Ease of operation; burst release; short release duration; poor loading efficiency

hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) /hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels;

SDF-1α: 4 μg/ml

[31]

PCL and type B-gelatin;

SDF-1α:2.5 ~ 10 μg/ml

[19]

Immobilization through the formation of ionic complexes

Extensive applicability; efficient dsorption; free of linker molecules; less dependent on surface properties; adjustable release rate; requires cytotoxic surfactants

PGS (PEDA/heparin coacervate);

SDF-1α:8 μg/ml

Efficiency:94.3%

[51]

PPCN;

SDF-1α:0.5 μg /ml

Efficiency:102.8%

[49]

Immobilization through specific heparin-mediated interaction

Anti-thrombogenicity; efficient adsorption; prevent enzymolysis; sustained release; complex operation

19%PLLA 5%PCL (w/v);

SDF-1α:0.5 μg /ml

[47]

StarPEG-heparin hydrogel;

SDF-1α:2.5 ~ 15 μg/ml;

Efficiency:99.6%

[57]

Co-Cr plates;

SDF-1α:0.25 ~ 2 μg/ml

[61]

Particulate systems

Sustained release; long release duration; multiple proteins load; complex operation

Dex-GMA/gelatin microcapsules (PNIPAAm thermo gates);

SDF-1α:0.1 μg /ml

Efficiency:97.5%

[20]

PLGA nanoparticles

[27]