From: Delivery systems of CRISPR/Cas9-based cancer gene therapy
System | Pros | Cons | Packaging Size | Immunogenicity | Insertional Mutagenesis | Tissue/Cell Tropism | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AVs | High packing capacity | High immunogenic response | > 8 Kb | High | No | Yes | |
AAVs | Low immunogenic response, small viral particle size | Low packing capacity | ⁓4.5 Kb | Tissue dependent | No | Yes | |
γ-Retroviruses | High packing capacity | Only dividing cells can be infected, genome integration of target sequence and high risk of oncogenic mutations | < 8 Kb | Moderate | Yes | Yes | [21] |
LVs | Low immunogenic response | Genome integration of target sequence and high risk of oncogenic mutations | < 8 Kb | Low | Yes | No | |
RNPs | Low immunogenic response | Cells cannot be selected with antibiotics or fluorescent markers | na | Low | No | No | |
CPPs | No transfection reagents need to be used | Cas9 needs to be chemically conjugated to CPPs | na | CPP dependent | No | No | |
Exosomes | Low immunogenic response, Self-accumulating in tumor mass | Low efficiency of encapsulation, easily degraded | Exosome size dependent | Low | No | Yes | |
Nanoparticles | Can be conjugated with chemical or physical compounds | Difficult to use | na | Nanoparticle dependent | No | Nanoparticle dependent | |
Nanoclews | Release dependent on the microenvironment conditions | High immunogenic response | na | High | No | Nanoclew dependent | |
IDLVs | Reduced risk of insertional oncogenic mutations | Genome integration of target sequence in non-dividing cells | < 8 Kb | Low | Only in non-dividing cells | No | [70] |