From: Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves
Mechanical stress | Markers | Mechanobiological effects | References |
---|---|---|---|
Shear stress | ECM proteins | ↑ Collagen; ↑ MMP-2,9; ↑ TIMP-2; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L on ventricularis | |
Inflammation | ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 on fibrosa | ||
Osteogenesis | ↑ BMP-2,4; ↑ TGF-β on fibrosa; ↑ BAVs | ||
Pressure | ECM proteins | ↑ Collagen; ↑ sGAG; ↑ β-catenin ↑ MMP-1,3; ↓ MMP-2,9; ↓ osteopontin | |
Inflammation | ↑ VCAM-1; ↑ pentraxin-3; ↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-6 | ||
Phenotype | ↓ α-SMA | ||
Leaflet strain | ECM proteins | Elastin, ↑ MMP-1,2,9; ↑ collagen; ↑ cathepsin-S, K; ↓ TIMP-1; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L; | |
Inflammation | ↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 | ||
Phenotype | ↓ α-SMA | ||
 | miRNA | ↓ miR-148a-3p |