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Table 2 Mechanobiological effects on valve cells under various mechanical stresses

From: Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves

Mechanical stress

Markers

Mechanobiological effects

References

Shear stress

ECM proteins

↑ Collagen; ↑ MMP-2,9; ↑ TIMP-2; ↓ sGAG; ↓ cathepsin-L on ventricularis

[24, 64]

Inflammation

↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1 on fibrosa

Osteogenesis

↑ BMP-2,4; ↑ TGF-β on fibrosa; ↑ BAVs

Pressure

ECM proteins

↑ Collagen; ↑ sGAG; ↑ β-catenin

↑ MMP-1,3; ↓ MMP-2,9;

↓ osteopontin

[24, 65]

Inflammation

↑ VCAM-1; ↑ pentraxin-3;

↑ TNF-α; ↑ IL-6

Phenotype

↓ α-SMA

Leaflet strain

ECM proteins

Elastin, ↑ MMP-1,2,9;

↑ collagen; ↑ cathepsin-S, K;

↓ TIMP-1; ↓ sGAG;

↓ cathepsin-L;

[24, 66]

Inflammation

↑ ICAM-1; VCAM-1

Phenotype

↓ α-SMA

 

miRNA

↓ miR-148a-3p