Table 5 Recent research undertakings signifying use of 3D printing and use of scaffold towards VHDs
From: Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves
Year | Title of the work | Practice followed | Foremost Inferences | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | Engineering a 3D-Bioprinted Model of Human Heart Valve Disease Using Nano indentation-Based Biomechanics | 3D-bioprinted CAVD model is engineered and layer-specific mechanical properties of the human AV was studied. | It potentiates the micro calcification by mimicking the native AV mechanical environment | [67] |
2018 | Comparison of the two biological aortic valve prostheses inside patient-specific aorta model by bi-directional fluid-structure interaction | Reverse engineering is used to create a 3D CAD model for biological aortic valves prostheses | Fluid solid interaction Stress analyses of the leaflets showed two stresses peak within the initial 0.3 s | [68] |
2018 | Modeling conduit choice for valve-sparing aortic root replacement on the biomechanics with a 3D-printed heart simulator | Valsalva grafts deform the radial position of the aortic valve. It results in an impaired leaflet motion, higher stresses, and potentially reduced valve performance compared to straight tubular grafts. | Valsalva conduits may have damaging consequences on the valve performance | [69] |
2018 | Toward predictive modeling of catheter-based pulmonary valve replacement into native right ventricular outflow tracts | RVOT models created from pre-implant and post harmony valve implant CT scans. Further using a software, virtual transcatheter pulmonary valves (TPVs) is placed in a RVOT model | Pre-implant modeling that assumes a rigid vessel quite accurately predicts the degree of distal RVOT expansion following an actual device replacement. | [70] |
2017 | Computationally designed 3D printed self-expandable polymer stents with biodegradation capacity for minimally invasive heart valve implantation: A proof-of-concept study | A commercially available 3D printing polymer was selected, and crush and crimping tests were conducted to validate the results predicted by the computational model | It demonstrates the design and manufacturing of a polymer stent with a mechanical performance comparable to that of conventional nitinol stents used for heart valve implantation in animal trials | [71] |
2017 | Utility and scope of rapid prototyping in patients with complex muscular ventricular septal defects or double-outlet right ventricle: Does it alter management decisions? | Various imaging modalities are used to develop patient-specific anatomic models via rapid prototyping | Intra-cardiac anatomy in CHD is accurately defined using patient-specific 3D heart models | [72] |
2017 | 3D printing based on cardiac CT assists anatomic visualization prior to transcatheter aortic valve replacement | Pre-TAVR cardiac computed tomography is used to develop 3D printed models of the aortic root | The physical interplay of the aortic root and implanted valves are assessed efficiently using Pre-TAVR 3D-printing | [73] |
2017 | A low-cost bioprosthetic semilunar valve for research, disease modelling and surgical training applications | Computer-aided design files are provided for making the frame from wire or by metal 3D printing | It demonstrate that the valves can replicate the performance of clinical valves for research and training purpose | [74] |
2014 | Three-dimensional printing in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology: a single-centre experience | It represents case study of 3D printed models using preoperative computed tomography or MRI in pediatric and adult cardiac surgery. | 3D printing models is likely for perioperative planning and simulation in a diverse complex cases for pediatric and adult cardiac surgery, as well as for interventional cardiology | [75] |
2014 | Three-dimensional printed trileaflet valve conduits using biological hydrogels and human valve interstitial cells | Based on methacrylated hyaluronic acid (Me-HA) and methacrylated gelatin (Me-Gel), 3-D printable formulations of hybrid hydrogels are developed. It is used to bioprint heart valve conduits containing encapsulated human aortic valvular interstitial cells (HAVIC) | The first rational design of bioprinted trileaflet valve hydrogels that regulate encapsulated human VIC behavior | [76] |