Table 2 Different cell delivery methods for the regeneration of target organs
From: Tissue engineering strategies for the induction of angiogenesis using biomaterials
| Approach | Advantage | Limitation | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scaffolds |
• Carrying cells • Delivery pro-angiogenic factors • Providing 3D condition • Having stability |
• Timely degradation • Toxicity • Immune-modulatory effects | [127,128,129,130] |
| Stem cell priming or pretreatment |
• Improve differentiation rate • Improve migration and homing rate to target tissue • Improve cell function |
• Cellular senescence • Critical consideration for cell treatment | [131,132,133,134,135,136] |
| Exosomes |
• Bio-shuttle for pro- and anti-angiogenic factors • Lack of immune-privileged capacity |
• Promotes tumorgenesis • Needs to isolate and concentrated | [137,138,139,140,141,142] |
| Magnetic enhancement techniques |
• Facilitate the cell retention rate • Control cells mobilization into target sites • Track transplanted cells in in vivo | • Provide micro-emboli for cells with small size features | [143,144,145] |
| Ultrasound techniques | • Enhance delivery of cells to target sites |
• Yields cytotoxicity by promoting necrosis or apoptosis • Tissue damage such as arrhythmias, endothelium malfunction such as capillary leakage | [146,147,148] |
| Enhanced homing technique | • Enhance proliferating, migrating, and alignment of EPCs to target sites | ND* | [146, 149] |
| Mannitol-enhanced delivery | • Used for cell delivery through the blood-brain barrier | • Being selective for distinct cells and factors | [48, 150,151,152] |