Tissue engineering strategies for the induction of angiogenesis using biomaterials

Table 4 Advantage and limitation of different biomaterials in tissue-engineered approaches

Scaffold	Advantage	Limitation	Ref
Collagen	• Highly distensible and pressure sensitive • Having well-organized pattern • Resistant to high strain and decrease the permeability of the vascular structure	• Thrombogenic potential and activation of the coagulation cascade • Enhanced risk of immunogenicity • The high cost of pure collagen	[153]
Elastin	• Suitable for high porous structures with a small diameter • Enhanced the proliferative capacity of ECs • Enhanced cell dynamics and rearrangement of collagen after tension	• Solubilizing difficulty • Inefficient mixing with other polymeric materials	[65]
Matrigel	• Comparability to extracellular matrix	• Minimally invasive • Degradation time	[154]
Fibrin	Suitable for delivery of thrombin, fibrinogen and coagulation factors	• Structural weakness • Suitable for the fabrication of synthetic transplants (PEG, PLGA)	[69]
Alginate	Used commonly polymer for encapsulation	Control of size	[74]
Chitosan	Easily form polyelectrolyte complexes with other polyanions	Poor mechanical property	[75, 155, 156]
Agarose	Available as agarose, is gelatinous and has sol-gel transition based on temperatures	A wide range of commercially available agarose	[157]
HA	low HAs enhances the proliferation and migration of ECs	The high molecular HAs inhibits angiogenesis	[158]