Table 4 Representative set of electrochemical CO2 fixation schemes. This table was compiled from information in references [120, 125, 126, 160–170]
From: Electrical energy storage with engineered biological systems
Electrochemical CO2 reduction product | Electrode material | E (V vs. SHE) at pH 7 | Electrolyte pH | Approx reaction redox potential at experimental pH (V vs. SHE) | Electrons per product | Faradaic efficiency (%) | Half-cell potential (V vs. SHE) | Estimated overpotential (V vs. SHE) | Current density (mA cm-2) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Formate (HCO2-) | Anodized indium metal | -0.43 | 4.4 | -0.28 | 2 | 30-40 | -1.15 | 0.87 | 0.3 | Detweiler et al. [160] |
Formic acid (H2CO2) | Pd70Pt30/C | -0.61 | 6.7 | -0.6 | 2 | 88 | -0.79 | 0.19 | 5 | Kortlever et al. [161] |
SnO2 NPs | 8 | -0.67 | 86 | -1.5 | 0.83 | 5.2 | Zhang et al. [162] | |||
Carbon monoxide (CO) | IrO2 dihydrate | -0.52 | 13.4 | -0.9 | 2 | 90 | -1.17 | 0.27 | 10 | Ma et al. [125] |
Pt black | 96 | -1.5 | 0.6 | 100 | ||||||
Au3Cu | 6.8 | -0.51 | 25 | -1.5 | 0.99 | 8 | Kim et al. [126] | |||
AuCu3 | 35 | -1.5 | 0.99 | 5 | ||||||
Formaldehyde (CH2O) | Glassy carbon | -0.48 | 6-7 (6.5) | -0.45 | 4 | 20 | -1.3 | 0.85 | 0.1 | Nakata et al. [163] |
Boron-doped diamond | 74 | -1.52 | 1.07 | |||||||
Methane (CH4) | Cu foil | -0.24 | 8 | -0.32 | 8 | 71 | -2.8 | 2.48 | 0.1 | Kaneco et al. [164] |
Cobalt protoporaphyrin (CoPP) | 1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | -1.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | Shen et al. [165] | |||
Cu/CNS | 6.8 | -0.23 | 32 | -1.4 | 1.17 | 32 | Song et al. [166] | |||
Methanol (CH3OH) | Pd/SnO2 | -0.38 | 6.8 | -0.37 | 6 | 54 | -0.64 | 0.27 | 1.45 | Zhang et al. [167] |
RuO2/TiO2 Nanotubes | 8 | -0.44 | 61 | -0.56 | 0.12 | 1 | Qu et al. [168] | |||
Oxide-Drived Cu/C | 6.8 | -0.37 | 43 | -0.7 | 0.33 | 1 | Zhao et al. [169] | |||
Propanol (C3H8O) | Ni-Al thin film | -0.32 | 4.5 | -0.17 | 18 | 1.9 | -1.18 | 1.01 | 2.1 | Paris et al. [120] |
Cu NPs | 5.4 | -0.22 | 1 | -1 | 0.78 | 20 | Yang et al. [170] |