Fig. 4

Biomanufacturing of the co-culture and single culture of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ cells. The CD8⁺ cells grew faster in the co-culture of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells than the single culture. The values of cell expansion fold were presented, which were calculated using the VCD of Day 0 culture as baseline. Culture conditions: 4-day seed culture with one stimulation was used; Day 0 was defined as the inoculation time of bioreactor runs; OpTmizer medium and bioreactor parameters of 37 °C, pH 7.4, DO 70%, agitation 70 rpm and gas sparging rate 0.01 VVM were used. *p < 0.05. The p-values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The error bars are presented as SEM