Table 4 Uses of plant cellulose (PC), microbial cellulose (MC) and bacterial cellulose (BC) composite hydrogels in tissue engineering

Plant cellulose (PC) purified

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

[145]; Liu et al., 2014 [146]

Algal cellulose (AC)

Bone tissue and cartilage engineering

[147]

Bacterial cellulose (BC) purified

Bone tissue engineering, cornea treatment, heart and vascular muscle regeneration

[148]

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)

Drug loading and controlled release of drugs, nucleus pulposus

[149]; [148]

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)

Soft-tissue replacement wound management

[149]

Gelatin

Wound dressing, tissue regeneration

[80]; [150], [151]

Starch

Reinforcement agent for bionanocomposites

[152]

Alginate, sodium alginate

High strength hydrogel preparation

[153]

Acrylic acid

Burn wound healing

[154]

Graphene oxide (GO)

Biomedicine

[155]

Vaccarin

Cell growth carrier wound dressing

[156]

Hyaluronic acid (HA)

Wound dressing, tissue engineering

[157]

Chondroitin sulfate (CS)

Dental material scaffold

Opera et al., 102

Calcium phosphate (CP)

Bone substitute

[158]

Ca²⁺ activated cellulose, cellulose/lactide

Bone tissue engineering

[148]

2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA)

Contact lenses and optic component for biosensors

[159]

Polyacrylamide

Cartilage replacement

[160] & [161]

Gellan gum

High strength hydrogel for synthetic connective tissue

[153]

L-carrageenan

High strength hydrogel for synthetic connective tissue

[153]

Hydroxyapatite

Bone scaffold substitute, bone tissue engineering

[162]; [163]; [164]; [165]; [166]

Nanohydroxyapatite

Bone tissue engineering

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Cardiovascular soft tissue replacement, artificial cornea biomaterials

([167]; [168]); [169]; ([170]; [171])

Polylacitide and glycidyl methacrylate

Skin repair material

[172]

Collagen

Wound dressing for skin regeneration

[173]; [148]

Silver

Antimicrobial wound dressing

[174]; [175]