Fig. 2
From: Cardiac tissue engineering: state-of-the-art methods and outlook
Biomaterials are based on self-assembled monolayers from bacteriophage display for 3D scaffolds formation. (Top), RGD peptide is displayed and fused to the solvent-exposed terminal of each copy of major coat protein (pVIII) through genetic engineering. The side wall of filamentous phage by RGD-coding gene into gene VIII to generate RGD-phage. (Bottom) The 3D scaffold of RGD-phage nanofibers (negatively charged) self-assemblies with polycationic biomaterials and integrated into a 3D printed bio-ceramic scaffold [156], which electrically stabilizes the phage nanofiber inside the scaffold. The resulted scaffold is seeded with hiPSCs and the implanted into cardiac defect. The presence of RGD-phage in the scaffold induced the formation of cardiomyocytes [157]