Fig. 2

Effects of UPM on the three different cell types in human respiratory mucosa. a Cytotoxic analysis of human nasal epithelial cells (pHNE), fibroblast cells (Wi38), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with the indicated concentrations of UPM for 24 and 72 h. b Transcriptional analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in human respiratory mucosa cells were treated with 100 μg/mL UPM. The results presented in the graph were from three independent experiments. The error bars indicate mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05