Fig. 4

Generation and reconstitution of human respiratory mucosa-on-a-chip. a The schematic diagram of the complexity of the human nasal mucosa. b Primary nasal epithelial cells from the inferior turbinate were harvested and cultured. c Isolated pHNE, WI38, and HUVEC were seeded in the epithelial layer, fibroblast layer, and endothelial layer of the chip, respectively. d Transcriptional expression of epithelial junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludins) in epithelial cells and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) in endothelial cells was examined at 24 h after TNF-α treatment. The results presented in the graph were from three independent experiments. The error bars indicate mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05