Table 1 Several studies on improving E. coli cell growth

Alteration in medium components/conditions

Bioreactor/Fermenter

[21, 22]

Regulated membrane dialysis/electro-dialysis reactor/fed-batch fermenter

Bioreactor/Fermenter

[23,24,25,26,27]

Phosphotransacetylase (pta)-deleted strain expressing interleukin 2

Fermenter

[28]

Carbon flux redirection to reduce acetate production (introduced fadR::Tn10 allele into wild-type E. coli K-12 VJS632 strain)

Shake flask

[29]

Down-regulated phosphotransacetylase (pta) and acetate kinase (ack)

Shake flask

[30]

Chimeric GroEL (C-terminal segment from psychrophilic Pseudoalteromonas sp. combined with the remainder of GroEL from E. coli)

N/A

[31]

Co-expression of chaperonins GroEL/GroES

Shake flask

[32]

Random mutagenesis of GroEL/S

96 well plates

[33]