Lymphocyte expansion in bioreactors: upgrading adoptive cell therapy

Table 1 Advanced process monitoring tools for ACT

Tool	Application	Type	Ref.
Raman spectroscopy	Metabolite monitoring (glucose, lactate, amino acids).	On-line	[46]
	Total Cell Concentration.	On-line	[46]
	Cell identity determination (phenotype & activation).	At-line	[47, 48]
Sequential injection capillary electrophoresis	Metabolite monitoring (glucose, lactate, amino acids).	At-line	[49]
Sequential injection capillary electrophoresis	Cell concentration.	At-line	[49]
FT-IR spectroscopy	Glucose monitoring.	On-line	[50]
Electrical impedance	Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cell adhesion.	At-line	[51,52,53]
Biosensors for acidification measurement	Metabolite monitoring (lactate).	On-line	[54]
Biosensors – optical	Cytokine quantification.	Potential	[55, 56]
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry	Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions profiling – metabolic monitoring.	On-line	[57]

ISSN: 1754-1611