Fig. 3

Topologies for On–Off switches. A The performance distribution of all circuits for the target On–Off TIS function in \(F-\Delta T\) space. The red dashed box indicates the 5002 network topologies with Q-values \(\ge\) 0. B The distribution of high-performance circuits marked in (A) in the space of the Q-value and edge number. The black box marks the simplest functional networks, and the grey box marks the best networks with Q-values \(\ge\) 20. C The simplest functional topologies. D Eight top robust functional topologies. E Hierarchical clustering analysis of 73 functional topologies with Q-values \(\ge\) 19, with motifs M₁, M₄ and M₅ listed aside