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Fig. 6 | Journal of Biological Engineering

Fig. 6

From: A tailored bioactive 3D porous poly(lactic-acid)-exosome scaffold with osteo-immunomodulatory and osteogenic differentiation properties

Fig. 6

Osteogenic differentiation capacity of hBMSCs stimulated. A ALP staining images of hBMSCs cultured with different scaffolds at days 14. PLA-Exo scaffold improves the expression of ALP. B Immunofluorescence staining for osteogenic differentiation marker (ALP) in hBMSCs cultured with different scaffolds for 14 days. Cells were fixed, stained for ALP (green), phalloidin (red), and nuclei (blue), and examined by a confocal laser scanning microscopy. C Gene expression of osteogenesis-specific markers by qRT-PCR. Significant difference **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. D Representative images for cytokine array assay. hBMSCs were cultured with PLA or PLA-Exo scaffold for 3 days, and the cell culture supernatant were collected for human proteome XL cytokine array. E Quantification of cytokine array assay. Significant difference: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). F Alizarin red S staining for calcium nodules formation at 21 days. G Calcium nodules formation was eluted and measured using a microplate reader at 405 nm. Significant difference: ****p < 0.0001. Group a = control, group b = PLA scaffold, group c = PLA-Exo scaffold

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