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Fig. 1 | Journal of Biological Engineering

Fig. 1

From: Applications of carbon dots and its modified carbon dots in bone defect repair

Fig. 1

Typical fracture healing process, biological processes, and distinct phases of cell activity. The major metabolic stage of fracture healing (blue strip) coincides with the biological stage (brown strip). In mice, the healing period is equal to that of a closed femoral fracture treated with an intramedullary rod. Abbreviations: BMP, Bone Morphogenetic protein; BMPR, Bone Morphogenetic protein receptor; DKK1,Dickkopf related protein 1; low density Lipoprotein receptor related protein; MSCs, Mesenchymal Stem cells; PMN; parathyroid hormone; parathyroid hormone related protein; RANKL, Nuclear Factor κ B Ligand receptor Activator [34]. (Copyright © 2014, Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.)

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