Four suggestions for addressing public concern regarding synthetic biology

The following essay was written by Mr. Alex Hatch, a junior undergraduate student majoring in Biological Engineering at Utah State University. Mr. Hatch submitted a 1000-1200 word essay to the 5th Annual Bioethics Contest sponsored by the Institute of Biological Engineering (IBE). A group of professionals in Biological Engineering assessed and ranked the essays in a blinded process. Five semi-finalists were invited to present their essays at a session at the annual meeting of IBE in Cambridge, MA on March 6, 2010. Five judges scored all the presentations and selected Mr. Hatch's contribution as the overall winner (first place).


Essay
The very characteristics of synthetic biology that make it such a promising field are those that introduce concern. Concerns in the field come from a public sphere and from the scientific community itself [1,2]. As concerns arise, the scientific community has the responsibility to respond in a way that benefits the public first. Addressing all of the concerns facing synthetic biology is beyond the scope of this essay. This essay will focus, rather, on a discussion of the challenges associated with synthetic bioterrorism and a proposal of four steps that can be taken in the short term that would foster safety and trust between the community of synthetic biologists (community) and the public whom they serve.

Synthetic Biology, Bioweapons, and Bioterrorism
Synthetic biology is "an approach to engineering biology [3]." It builds on the foundational principles of recombinant DNA technologies and allows more efficient modification or enhancement of cellular function [4]. Specific applications that simplify and increase efficiency of the modification of cellular function include but are not limited to: • Creation of databases of units of DNA that "encode basic biological functions" which are "freely available to the public" [5] • Development of interchangeable biological parts that are easily combined • Development and improvements in automated DNA synthesis and whole genome synthesis [6,7] • Relative ease of ordering DNA parts or synthesized DNA [7] • Potential to own oligonucleotide synthesizers that would enable independent automated DNA synthesis [8] As the technology develops, participating in the science will become increasingly efficient and available to a wide range of people [8]. Reports have been released detailing how scientists synthesized pathogenic viruses including polio virus and the 1918 influenza virus [6,[9][10][11]. These examples show that synthetic biology is very powerful and could potentially be manipulated in a malevolent manner.
The Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention prohibits participant nations from using, developing, or stockpiling biological weapons [12]. There are weaknesses in this governing policy, but to this point in time it has prevented international biological warfare. One expert points out, however, that 9/11 demonstrates "that humans [are] capable of unimaginable evil [13]." Moreover, and in contrast to research of the past, the foundational development of synthetic bioweapons could be performed with "little equipment and infrastructure [14]." The intention to use bioweapons and relative ease of implementation could be compatible with terrorist agendas.

Four Steps to Help Ensure Public Safety
Following are four steps that help address synthetic bioterrorism specifically, but also address concerns regarding synthetic biology. The four steps are: 1.) Community initiative to regulate the receipt of DNA constructs 2.) International regulation 3.) Increased investment in research of risk assessment and public perception 4.) Education 1.) In conjunction with the synthetic biology 2.0 and 3.0 conferences (2006,2007), suggestions were made to establish best practices for gene synthesis companies [8,15]. These reports indicated that not all gene synthesis companies performed routine screenings for potentially pathogenic DNA orders. Conference participants proposed that the community refuse to do business with those companies that fail to implement routine safety and security practices. A licensing/registration of individuals/ equipment needed to perform automated DNA synthesis could take place. The community would then be allowed to determine who was licensed and ensure that known pathogenic constructs were controlled. Required screening and licensing of individuals and automated DNA synthesis equipment would greatly reduce the ability of terrorist groups to obtain harmful constructs and to carry out potentially harmful research. This regulation addresses one of the major public concerns of synthetic biology with little change required in current practices [16].
2.) In dealing with bioterrorism and synthetic biology in general, regulations must exist at an international scale. A failure to have consensus on an international level will lead to difficulties in enforcement. The merging of cultures and backgrounds to create an international policy that meets the demands of contributing parties will be difficult. In the matter of regulating bioterrorism, however, unity must be reached. The attempt for individual nations to regulate will fail because the research can move to a location that has no formal policy against research in question [13]. In an effort to create international policy, the wishes of all participants will never be met, so there must be a willingness to recognize on all sides, fundamental practices that pose a risk to the safety and peace of society, and to act only on those most fundamental principles. International policy accepted in the community of synthetic biology must exist.
3.) While addressing the National Academy of Sciences, David Rejeski stated that approximately 30 million dollars in U.S. federal funding went toward synthetic biology each year [17]. Of the 30 million dollars, he claimed that none was specifically devoted to public engagement or risk assessment. In studies he has overseen, the repeated wish of the public is risk assessment and regulation. Some indicate that at the present, the regulation of recombinant DNA technology also effectively regulates the current standing of synthetic biology [1]. As the science progresses and becomes increasingly novel, increased risk assessment will be vital to safety, funding, and progress. Furthermore, public engagement will be necessary to determine which directions research should and should not take. Increased investment devoted to the study of risk assessment and public perception must take place--especially because the technology is dynamic and progressing--in order to reach the potential that synthetic biology possesses.
4.) While bioterrorism is a valid concern, a major attack using a synthetically derived bioweapon is not realistic at this point in time [18]. The public is introduced to synthetic biology in the media with bioterrorism often mentioned [16]. As Hart Researchers learned in a 2009 survey, about 20% of the public in the U.S. has heard "a lot" or "some" about synthetic biology [19]. Studies show that once an assessment has been made about a risk, the initial assessment rarely changes, but rather becomes stronger [20]. So, as the vast majority of the population is yet to learn about synthetic biology, it is vital that efforts be made to disseminate accurate knowledge to the public through appropriate avenues. Opportunities to discuss possible avenues for education could be discussed at conferences dedicated to synthetic biology, especially the iGEM conferences. Responsibility is taught at such meetings and accepted within the community of synthetic biology. As experts in the field, the teaching and application of safe practices will lead to public trust.

Conclusion
As synthetic biology evolves, public perception will greatly influence the destination of the science. A major concern of the United States public is bioterrorism introduced with increasingly efficient biological engineering technology. To address this concern four possible steps were suggested. These steps can be used as initial steps to hear and integrate public concerns.