Table 1 Application of black phosphorus composite hydrogel in bone tissue engineering
From: Research progress on black phosphorus hybrids hydrogel platforms for biomedical applications
Hydrogel matrix | Black phosphorus form | Scaffold performance | Animal model | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
GelMA and U-Arg-PEA | BPNs | Strong mechanical properties, capturing calcium ions, accelerating biomineralization, and enhancing osteogenic differentiation of HDPSCS | Rabbit skull defect model | [36] |
GEL and DFO | BPNs | Excellent swelling, degradation and release rate, satisfactory biocompatibility, capable of promoting the proliferation and osteogenesis of hBMSC in vitro, improving bone regeneration and neovascularization in vivo | Rat model of acute ischemic tibial defect | [37] |
GEL | BPNs | Excellent NIR photothermal antibacterial, eliminating cancer cell properties, and enhancing bone regeneration | Rat model of skull defect | [38] |
Agarose | BPNs | Providing phosphorus source and nucleation site, accelerating PO 4 3− and Ca 2+ reactions to promote biomineralization; The mechanical properties and bio-mineralization capabilities are customized by adjusting the timing and location of NIR light | – | [39] |
Chitosan/ collagen | MSC membrane coated BPNs | Activating the heat shock response of osteoblasts, stimulating downstream responses, enhancing osteoblast migration/differentiation, and stimulating biomineralization processes to promote bone healing upon remote NIR activation | Rat model of skull defect | [40] |
PLGA | BPNs | Strategies for heat-stimulated bone regeneration, ranging from inefficient external hyperthermia to more effective self-hyperthermia with “smart” bone implants under remote control | Rat model of tibial defect | [41] |
CNTpega -OPF | BPNs | Injectable, good conductivity combined with electrical stimulation, improving the adhesion, proliferation, filament and focal adhesion development, and osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblast cells | Rabbit model of defect at the fusion site of femur, vertebral cavity and posterolateral spine | [42] |
OPF | BPNs | Controlled degradation rate, improving the spread, distribution, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3 cells on hydrogels, and controling the cytotoxicity | – | [43] |
OPF/ Collagen | BPNs | The appropriate 3D microenvironment for MSC cell culture, providing clues for osteogenic differentiation | – | [44] |
OPF | BPQDs | The smallest BPQDs, promoting the spread, distribution, proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3 cells | – | [45] |
WW/RSF | BPQDs packaged with PLGA | Strong mechanical properties, inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, and showing photothermal effects on spinal metastases | Femur defect in rat model and tumor-bearing nude mouse model | [46] |
DNA and 3D-printed PCL | Vegf-engineered BPNs | Sustainable delivery of growth factors, promoting the growth of mature blood vessels, and inducing osteogenesis | Rat model of cranial defect of critical size | [47] |
GelMA | BP@Mg | Biomimetic periosteal structures, significantly promoting angiogenesis by inducing endothelial cell migration, and upregulating the expression of neuro-associated proteins in neural stem cells (NSCs) | Rat model of skull defect | [48] |
PVA and Chitosan | MgO blended BPNs | Excellent antibacterial effect, promoting the recruitment, osteogenic differentiation and biologic mineralization of MSCs | Rat model of skull defect | [49] |
PLGA | BP-SrCl2 | Excellent biodegradability, and photo-controlled Sr release | Rat model of femur defect | [50] |