Fig. 2
From: Therapeutic angiogenesis and tissue revascularization in ischemic vascular disease
The main therapeutic mechanism of stem cells in ischemic vascular disease. Mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells are the main stem cells used to treat ischemic vascular disease. These cells mainly exert their angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, pro-proliferation, anti-fibrosis, and neurogenesis function through differentiation, paracrine effects, and immunoregulation. The figure was constructed with BioRender (https://biorender.com/)