Table 1 Molecular biomarker of brain metastasis
From: Breast cancer brain metastasis: from etiology to state-of-the-art modeling
Biomarkers | Main role |
|---|---|
Change of ER/PR/HER2 expression | Hormone/ tyrosine kinase receptor |
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deletion | regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathway |
Mutation in the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) | DNA replication and facilitates G1 to S phase transition |
Downregulation of retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1) | Tumor suppressor and G1 checkpoint |