Table 1 Summary of Protocols to Differentiate LECs

Healthy patient fibroblast: breast & abdominal

Isolated transcriptomes from LECs and BECs using FACS and microarray technology

Established complete transcriptomes of isolated LECs, BECs, and other skin cell types

Novel endothelial cell subtype-restricted functions are influenced by the tissue environment

[195]

E14g2a Embryonic Stem (ES) Cell

On OP9 stromal cells, VEGFR2⁺ cells from ES cells differentiated to LECs with expressing of prox1, VEGFR3, LYVE1, and podoplanin

Differentiation of LECs from ES cell

[172]

Human ES cells and human iPSCs

OP9 assisted cell culture with VEGFA, VEGFC, and EGF

LECs isolated using LYVE-1 and PDPN in FACS-sorting

Generation of LECs from hiPSCs and hESCs

lymphangiogenesis and lympvasculogenesis as a function of LECs in vivo enhanced wound healing

[198]

Murine R1 ES cells

Murine R1 ES cells cultured on mitotically inactivated primary mouse embryonic fibroblast

Embryoid bodies (EB) were isolated from embryonic stem cells

Embryoid bodies stained using antibodies for LYVE-1, CD31, MECA-32, and PROX-1

LECs expressing CD31, PROX-1, and LYVE-1 differentiated 18 days after embryoid body formation

Lymphatic vessel formation using VEGFA and VEGFC

[196]

hPSC

Used a monolayer culture of hPSCs

hPSCs differentiated to early vascular cells which then matured to early endothelial cells and pericytes

hPSCs induced to codifferentiate into early vascular cells

Early vascular cells mature to endothelial cells and pericytes and organize themselves into microvascular networks in a pre-engineered matrix (HA hydrogels)

[195]