Table 4 Table for comparison between advanced materials and traditional materials
From: Quest for cardiovascular interventions: precise modeling and 3D printing of heart valves
Scaffolding Processes | Materials | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Decellularization of Allogenic /Xenogenic tissues | Heart valve obtained from Allogenic /Xenogenic sources | Easy to develop, resembles geometry of the native heart valve, biocompatible | Loss of mechanical anisotropy due to erosion, antigenic reactions during transplant, lacks strength to be developed in bioreactors | [41] |
Electrospinning, salt leaching | polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyhydroxyoctanoates, polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, chitosan, collagen, polyglycerol sebacate, polycaprolactone, Chitosan, HAP, fibronectin, HA, PEG, PNIAAm, PAA, PMMA, PAam, and PDMAEM | Fibrous, porous scaffold mimicking ECM, ability to form simple 3D structures, cells gets adequate bio-mechanical cues for growth and development, nutrients and waste exchange is better | Lacks elastomeric property as a native valve, inability to tailor spatial heterogenity in mechanical properties of scaffolds, inability to form 3D complex geometry of valves, sometime leads to thrombogenecity, non-conducive environment for cells | |
Bioprinting | Self-assembling elastomeric peptide materials, alginate-gelatin hydrogels, fibroblast-laden fibrin gel, Protein-based hydrogels, methacrylated hyaluronic acid, methacrylated gelatin, combination of 700 and 8000 MW poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), collagen, hyaluronic acid | Easy to fabricate 3D complex geometries of heart valve, ability to tailor the stiffness of materials during bioprinting, cells experiences microenvironment suitable for growth and development | Difficulty in printing a large structure, Structurally weak materials after printing, challenges in further developing the tissue through 3D printed structure in bioreactor | |
4D printing | biopolymers (alginate and hyaluronic acid), thermo responsive polymers, | Control over the spatial material stiffness, ability to obtain 3D geometries on appropriate stimulation | A nascent technology with very few material compatibility, challenges in codifying different regional and spatial mechanical properties for folding in 3D shape upon stimulus |