Fig. 2

3D microengineered models of healthy cardiac tissue. a) i: Microfluidic channel with endothelial-like borders for cardiac tissue culture. ii: Phase contrast and cardiac-specific marker immunofluorescent staining of cultured tissue within microfluidic platform, reprinted with permission from [22]. b) i: Schematic of cardiac tissue culture around surgical suture. ii: Cardiac-specific marker immunofluorescent staining of tissues with and without electrical stimulation, reprinted with permission from [12]. c) i: Phase contrast and cytoskeletal staining of cardiac tissue formed within engineered patches. ii: Cardiac-specific and other cell-specific marker immunofluorescent staining of 2-week old cardiac tissue patches, reprinted with permission from [29]. d) i: Schematic of the process of engineering MTFs, reprinted with permission from [26]. ii: Cardiac-specific marker immunofluorescent staining of tissues cultured on MTFs and representation of tissue contractility measurements, reprinted with permission from [27]. e) i: Schematic of process for engineering Biowire II. ii: Cardiac-specific marker immunofluorescent staining of atrial and ventricular tissues, either under electrical stimulation or not, reprinted with permission from [98]