Fig. 4

Alignment of cells on micro-topographically defined PCL-based scaffolds during in vitro cellular migration. a F-actin staining of migrating cells (phalloidin staining, red). The right image shows an enlarged image of the area in the yellow square. Scale bars = 100 μm. b Quantitative analysis of the cell alignment by determining the angles between the F-actin-stained cells and the direction of microgrooves, r = Percentage of cell orientation (%) / θ = Angle between F-actin and micropattern (°) (c) Cell migration distances on the flat and radial topographical surfaces after 24 h (N = 15). d Quantitative analysis of cell migration distance, velocity, and covered area (N = 15). e Western blot analysis and quantification of FAK and ERK expression levels in osteoblasts cultured on the flat and radial topographical surfaces for 2 d. f Quantification of the protein expression of the growth factor and cytokine arrays (N = 3)