Table 2 The role of hyperglycemia in matrix protein accumulation in in vitro studies. The effect of hyperglycemia on upregulation of matrix proteins is reduced after long periods of incubation. TGF- β: transforming growth factor - β, N.S.: not significant, -: indicates no data. A single arrow pointing upwards indicates a statistically significant increase in the respective protein expression, and a double arrow indicates a substantially larger increase in protein expression relative to control

From: Pathophysiology of mesangial expansion in diabetic nephropathy: mesangial structure, glomerular biomechanics, and biochemical signaling and regulation