Fig. 4From: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli BW25113 for the production of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid based on CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene knockout and metabolic pathway modificationThe reactions catalyzed by corresponding genes. The reaction directions shown in accordance with the physiological direction of the reaction. A GdhA catalyzes the ATP-independent amination of α-ketoglutarate to yield L-glutamate. B YbdK catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glutamate with cysteine. C GadB catalyzes the cleavage of L-glutamate into carbon dioxide and 4-aminobutanoateBack to article page