Recent advances in modified poly (lactic acid) as tissue engineering materials

Table 1 Summary of the most common lactic acid-producing bacteria and some of their characteristics

Genus	Shape	Metabolism	Microorganism	Growing conditions	Culture media	Refs.
Lactobacillus	Bacilli/pairs/chains	Homofermentative Heterofermentative	L. acidophilus L. delbrueckii L. brevis L. fermentis	T° opt.: 30–40 ˚C (2–53 ˚C) pH opt.: 5.5–6.2, tolerant < 4	Requires individually various complex nutritional requirements for peptides, amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, and fermentable carbohydrates	[20, 22, 40, 41]
Lactococcus	Cocci/chains	Homofermentative	L. lactis spp. lactis L. lactis spp. cremoris	T° opt: 10 °C < 45 °C.	It may be selectively isolated on Elliker’s lactic agar, Arginine Tetrazolium Agar, or Alsan Medium. They usually grow in media containing 4% (w/v) NaCl	[20, 22, 40, 41]
Pediococcus	Cocci/tetrad	Homofermentative	P. acidilacti P. cellicola P. claussenii	Reduced atmospheric conditions	Pediococci grows on MRS media, and growth may be enhanced, as with the Leuconostocs.	[20, 22, 40, 42]
Leuconostoc	Pairs/chains	Heterofermentative	L. mesenteroides L. cremoris L. oenos	Alkaline environment, pH opt: ≥ 4.5.	Although MRS agar is suitable for Leuconostocs, Yeast Glucose Phosphate Peptone Broth is recommended.	[20, 22, 40, 42]

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