Table 3 Summary of the combinations of PLA
From: Recent advances in modified poly (lactic acid) as tissue engineering materials
| Â | Modes of fabrication | Relevant properties | Advantages | Disadvantages | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLA/HA | 3D printing Electrospinning Air spray/jet spinning | Biocompatibility Porosity Versatility | Bone in crystalline phase is made by HA Allow blending with the bone Increases the Ca2+ in the cell Allow the proliferation of osteoblasts and promote cell growth Can be used as carrier scaffolds to transport proteins | Poor cell adhesion of PLA at its own Discarded for cell growth | |
PLA/PGA | Biografts Electrospinning | Biocompatibility Versatility Biodegradation rate depends on molecular weight | PLA/PGA is an excellent material for cell growth Allows osteoblast regeneration PLA/PGA mixture is convenient for cell adhesion Topology modifications enhance cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation | Fast degradation rate Risk of inflammation The process of crosslinking in hydrogels sometimes is not effective | |
PLA/PBAT | Electrospinning Biomembranes | Tensile strength Versatility Biocompatibility Accessible mechanical properties Porosity Water permeability Interconnected microporous | Wide range of applications Favor the proliferation rate | The mean diameter of the PLA/PBAT scaffolds decreased while the mechanical properties improved | |
PLA/PEG | Micelles 3D printing Electrospinning | Hydrophilicity Ductility Flexibility Porosity Versatility Biodegradation by hydrolysis Can repel protein | PEG improves the biocompatibility of the copolymers with which it is mixed Help for cell proliferation and oxygenation PEG has good miscibility with organic solvents | Poor cell adhesion | |
PLA/Lignin | Electrospinning Nanoparticles | Antimicrobial Antioxidant Anti-ultra-violet (UV) Biocompatibility Non-toxicity Porosity | Enhance the mechanical properties of the copolymers | The use of high concentrations of sodium chloride used as a solvent cause phase separation | |
PLA/PPy | Electrospinning Hydrogels | Conductivity Biocompatibility Biodegradation | Electrically stimulate the proliferation, adhesion, and cell growth in potential electroactive tissues | Low solubility The PPy tends to be fragile | |
PLA/Chi | Electrospinning Biomembranes Micelles Hydrogels Nanoparticles | Biocompatible Biodegradable Antibacterial activity Porosity Gel-forming properties High affinity with macromolecules | It is a natural polymer made from renewable sources Allows wound healing | It has poor cell recognition sites and low hydrophilicity Poor mechanical properties | |
PLA/PCL | Electrospinning Biomembranes Inkjet technology 3D printing | High purity Adequate processing Excellent mechanical properties Biocompatibility Biodegradation | The expression levels of elastin, angiopoietin, laminin-4α and − 5α increased in PCL and PLA nanofibers without any exogenous factor | Degradation products can be reabsorbed PLA/PCL are less hydrophobic and have less resistance to traction |