From: Clinical utility of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in regenerative medicine and cellular therapy
Musculoskeletal Disease | ||||
 | Study Number | Type of MSC used in the study | Main Effect | References |
1 | UC-MSCs | Stable muscle power after 1-year follow-up. No negative effects | [17] | |
2 | BM-MSCs | Improve tissue repair and protect muscles from damage induced injury | [18] | |
3 | UC-MSCs | IGF-1 and MSCs injection led to efficient repair of muscles in mouse model | [19] | |
 Muscular Dystrophy | 4 | UC-MSCs | Myogenic differentiation of MSCs combine with ray myoblasts to form myotubules | [20] |
5 | P-MSCs | Mice showed increased levels of utrophin and reduced inflammation | [21] | |
6 | BM-MSCs | Dystrophin expression chimeric MSCs increased function and strength of muscle and less immune response | [22] | |
 | 1 | iPSC-derived MSCs | Bone loss reduction and micro vessel density in mouse model | [23] |
 | 2 | BM-MSCs | Reduced total hip replacement arthroplasty conversion rate | [24] |
 Osteonecrosis | 3 | BM-MSCs | Suppressed adipogenesis and upregulated SOX9 | [25] |
4 | BM-MSCs | Facilitated repair of bone | [26] | |
5 | Rabbit MSCs | MSCs with GFP tag, fluorescence only on the femur | [27] | |
1 | BM-MSCs | Higher bone mineral density and accelerated cranial bone healing | [28] | |
2 | Ad-MSCs and UC-MSCs | Adipose MSCs exhibit higher osteogenic differentiation and higher bone formation rates | [29] | |
 Cranial Defects | 3 | UC-MSCs and BM-MSCs | Rats treated with MSC treatment exhibit greater expression of Runx2, collagen I, and osteocalcin | [30] |
4 | DP-MSCs and BM-MSCs | Dental pulp MSCs exhibit similar properties as BM-MSCs for bone regenerative applications | [31] | |
5 | Ecto-MSCs and BM-MSCs | Ecto-MSCs had a higher number of proliferative cells, but both cells promoted bone regeneration | [32] | |
1 | Ad-MSCs | Osteogenic differentiation and vascularization in non-union fracture models in rats | [33] | |
2 | UC-MSCs | Optimal bone formation in infected non-union fracture in 54Â year old patient | [34] | |
 Non Union Bone Fracture | 3 | BM-MSCs | BM-MSCs into non-union femur fracture showed bone union in 8 weeks | [35] |
4 | BM-MSCs | MSCs combined with shock-wave therapy improved fracture stiffness and mechanical strength | [36] | |
5 | BM-MSCs | Exosomes from BM-MSCs enhanced osteogenesis, bone healing, and angiogenesis | [37] | |
1 | BM-MSCs | Hyaluronic acid and BM-MSCs showed MOCART scores than patients with only hyaluronic acid treatment | [38] | |
 Osteoarthritis | 2 | Ad-MSCs | Improved pain and knee function of patients with no negative effects | [39] |
3 | Ad-MSCs | Injection of 10^8 MSCs found effective to reduce osteoarthritis symptoms | [40] | |
Nervous System Diseases | ||||
 | Study Number | Type of MSC used in study | Main Effect | References |
1 | UCB-MSC | Activation of microglial cells and prevention of β-amyloid peptide plaques deposition. Induce endogenous neurogenesis | [41] | |
2 | BM-MSC | Ameliorate Alzheimer’s disease through induction of miR-29c-3p and targeting of BACE1 | [42] | |
 Alzheimer’s Disease | 3 | Unknown source MSC | Promote neurogenesis and relieve Aβ 1–42 induced cognitive impairment | [43] |
4 | BM-MSC | Reduce astrocytic inflammation and synaptogenesis. Increase expression of microRNA-146a in hippocampus | [44] | |
5 | MB-MSC | Memory and spatial learning improvement. Reduction of tau hyperphosphorylation. Improving of amyloid plaques. Increase in Aβ degrading enzymes and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines | [45] | |
1 | UC-MSC | Ameliorate neuroinflammation and locomotor functions. Preservation of intestinal goblet cells | [46] | |
2 | BM-MSC | Reduction in expression of hydroxylase immunoreactive cells and neural loss | [47] | |
 Parkinson’s Disease | 3 | WJ-MSC | Restoration of BDNF, NGF, passive avoidance, memory, and hippocampal long-term potentiation | [48] |
4 | UC-MSC | Reduction in cell apoptosis and loss of dopaminergic neurons | [49] | |
5 | BM-MSC | Increase in the number of TH-positive neuronal cells and fibers | [50] | |
1 | BM-MSC | Slower increment in Unified MSA Rating Scale score | [51] | |
2 | UCB-MSC | Lower Unified MSA Rating Scale score than the control group | [52] | |
 Multiple System Atrophy | 3 | BM-MSC | Prevention of neurodegeneration and improvement in behavioral disorders | [53] |
4 | Ad-MSC | Lower Unified MSA Rating Scale score than control group | [54] | |
5 | BM-MSC | Increase survival rate of nigrostriatal neurons | [55] | |
1 | WJ-MSC | Showed no adverse effects | [56] | |
2 | BM-MSC or Ad-MSC | Lowered ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revived score and the forced vital capacity | [57] | |
 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 3 | WJ-MSC | Increase in survival time | [58] |
4 | BM-MSC | Reduction of ALS Functional Rating Scale. Increase in anti-inflammatory and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines | [59] | |
5 | BM-MSC | Improvement in neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and neurotrophic factors | [60] | |
1 | UC-MSC | Improved sensory functions and mobility | [61] | |
2 | UC-MSC | Improved motor and sensory functions | [62] | |
 Spinal Cord Injury | 3 | Ad-MSC | Improved motor and sensory functions | [63] |
4 | BM-MSC | Showed no adverse effects | [64] | |
5 | UC-MSC | SCI recovery and nerve growth factor production | [65] | |
Cardiovascular Diseases | ||||
 | Study Number | Type of MSC used in the study | Main Effect | References |
1 | Unknown source MSCs | Extracellular vesicles restored right ventricular systolic pressure to baseline | [66] | |
2 | iPS-MSCs | Extracellular vesicles reduced arterial stiffness and hypertension in mice models. Also, promoted the expression of AMPKα, eNOS, and SIRT1 | [67] | |
 Hypertension | 3 | BM-MSCs | MSC transplantation improved collagen deposition and attenuated EndMT and factor-2α | [68] |
4 | Skin-Derived MSCs | Decreased vascular damage and systolic blood pressure. Reduced Th17 cells in peripheral blood in a mouse model | [69] | |
5 | UC-MSCs | Exosomes lessened hypertrophy in the right ventricle and caused pulmonary vascular remodeling in a rat model | [70] | |
1 | Ad-MSCs | Exosomes suppressed cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis, and increases in M2 polarization was observed | [71] | |
2 | BM-MSCs | Improved angiogenesis and cell survival in mouse model | [72] | |
 Myocardial Infarction | 3 | Unknown source MSCs | Exosomes from SDF1 overexpressing MSCs increased microvascular restoration in endothelial cells and inhibited apoptosis of myocardial cells | [73] |
4 | BM-MSCs | Anti-mR-155-5p MScs improved angiogenesis and cell survival even compared to control MSCs and no MSCs in the mouse model | [72] | |
5 | UC-MSCs | Exosomes from TIMP2 overexpressed MSCs promoted angiogenesis at the infarction site in a rat model | [74] | |
1 | BM-MSCs | Injection of exosomes from MSCs improved neurogenesis and angiogenesis in mouse models. Reduction of IL-1β expression was also observed | [75] | |
2 | UC-MSCs | Exosomes reduced inflammation in vitro and lowered infarct volume. Enhanced activation of microglia | [76] | |
 Stroke | 3 | Various sources MSCs | MSCs as adjuvant therapy improved motor functions in to lower extremities in middle cerebral artery infarction sites | [77] |
4 | BM-MSCs | MSCs’ extracellular vesicles promoted angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the stroke model | [78] | |
5 | BM-MSCs | Exosomes improved neurological function and enhanced neuroprotective effects in type 2 diabetic rat stroke model | [79] | |
1 | UC-MSCs | Administration of MSCs increased expression of hepatocyte growth factor | [80] | |
2 | Unknown source MSCs | MSCs overexpressing adrenomedullin enhanced heart function and increased cell survival in rat model | [81] | |
 Heart Failure | 3 | Human Amniotic MSCs | Nanoparticle labeled MSCs increased cell homing and enhanced myocardial hypertrophy and heart function in a rat model | [82] |
4 | Ad-MSCs | Enhancing AD-MSC exosomes through adiponectin treatment improved cardiac function and reduced inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model | [83] | |
5 | BM-MSCs | Injection of BM-MSCs reduced myocardial infarction size and interstitial fibrosis thus enhancing heart rate variability | [84] | |
1 | UC-MSCs | MSCs lowered the percentage of infarct size change | [85] | |
2 | BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs | Transplantation of MSCs along with Coronary Arter Bypass Grafting Surgery showed decline in NT-proBNP | [86] | |
 Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy | 3 | BM-MSCs | MSC infusion significantly increases and improves cardiac function | [87] |
4 | BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs | Intramyocardial injection of MSCs improved left ventricle function in 1, 3, 6 and 12Â month followups | [88] | |
5 | BM-MSCs | Intramyocardial injection of MSCs significantly improved regional function of left ventricle in 3 and 6Â months | [89] | |
Immune-related diseases | ||||
 | Study Number | Type of MSC used in study | Main Effect | References |
1 | BM-MSC | Decreased blood glucose. Increased C-peptide and insulin | [90] | |
2 | UC-MSC | TGFBI is crucial for MSCs to suppress T-cell proliferation | [91] | |
 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | 3 | BM-MSC | Increase in Langerhans islets diameter and amount of zymogen granules | [92] |
4 | Ad-MSCs | Maintenance of viability and insulin secretion of pancreatis islets | [93] | |
5 | UC-MSC | Tissue repair of damaged islets. Decrease in blood glucose levels and lesions in renal tissue | [94] | |
1 | UC-MSC | Decrease in blood globulin and platelet level. Decrease in erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, and rheumatoid factor | [95] | |
2 | UC-MSC | Decrease in Desease Activity Score-28. Decrease in IL-6 and increase in IL-10. A higher Treg to Th17 ratio | [96] | |
 Rheumatoid Arthritis | 3 | UCB-MSC | Decrease in IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α | [97] |
4 | BM-MSC | Decrease microRNA-584e. Reduction in NF-κB activity | [98] | |
5 | BM-MSC | Greater improvements in knee injury | [99] | |
1 | UC-MSC | Decrease in SLE Disease Activity Index. Improvements in levels of serum albumin | [100] | |
2 | BM-MSC | Increase in CD4 + Foxp3 + regulatory T-cell percentage. Improvement in Glomerular filtration rate, SLE Disease Activity Index, and serological tests | [101] | |
 Systematic Lupus Erythematosus | 3 | UC-MSC | Increase in regulatory T-cells. Balance Th1 and Th2 cytokines | [102] |
4 | UC-MSC | Increase in IFN-γ levels and a decrease in IL-6 levels | [103] | |
5 | UC-MSC | Downregulate inflammatory genes while upregulating miR-181a | [104] | |
1 | BM-MSC | Remission of GVHD | [105] | |
2 | BM-MSC | Decrease in number of Th1 cells | [106] | |
 Graft vs. Host Disease | 3 | UC-MSC | Cured cGVHD. Increase in CD4 + CD25 + CD127 − regulatory T cells. Decrease in non-killer cells | [107] |
4 | BM-MSC | Increase in overall survival time | [108] | |
5 | BM-MSC | Increase in regulatory T-cells and B cells | [109] |