Fig. 5

The diffusion simulation results. a Schematic of the gradient chip. The normal culture medium and the culture medium containing 200 uM BPA flow into each inlet of the gradient chip. The GC-1 cells were observed in the square Sects. (1.6 × 0.29 mm) with three columns (aligned on lines A, B, and C) and 10 rows. b The mass fraction contour of the BPA concentration in the gradient chip. c The graphs of BPA concentration (i) upstream, (ii) midstream, and (iii) downstream (lines A, B, and C in the insets, respectively)