Table 1 General description of 3D scaffold- and cell-based models [79, 80] that can be combined with organ-on-chips
From: Cancer-on-chip: a 3D model for the study of the tumor microenvironment
3D Model | Description | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|---|
Spheroids | Multiple cells are forced to form an aggregate thanks to cell–cell attachment-driven force | Simple High throughput Co-culture of different cells Scalable | A limited number of cell types No control over cells arrangement Missing perfusion |
Organoids | 3D structure derived from pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells, and somatic cells that self-organize to mimic the structural and basic function of organs and tissues | Mimic the development stages of a specific organ/tissue Co-culture of different cells Relevant physiological structure and function | Missing standardization protocols Long development process No control over cells arrangement Missing perfusion |
Scaffolds/Hydrogel | Natural or synthetic polymers that constitute a matrix or support for cell culture | Simple Standardized protocols Gradients of nutrients and chemical substances Co-culture of different cells | Specific molds can be required for scaffold/hydrogel construction Not full replication of in vivo ECM |