Table 1 Diverse AV bioreactors intend to mimic biomechanical model properties
Bioreactor (model properties) | AV origin | Incubation [days] | Reference | Tissue viability/apoptosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamic incubation | ||||
Stable and disturbed flow opposition | Porcine | 14 | Fernandez Esmerats [3] | Apoptosis Tunel Staining (anti- miR-483 induced apoptosis by twofold compared with control) |
Infective endocarditis model | Porcine | 1–2 | Lauten [55] | None |
Simulation of AV coaptation | Rattine | 7 | Maeda [44] | None |
Side-specific oscillatory and laminar flow | Porcine | 2 | Mongkoldhumrongkul [42] | None |
Pro-degenerative treatment | Ovine | 7 | Niazy [35] | None |
Shear force, osteogenic medium | Porcine | 2–7 | Rathan [4] | Apoptosis Tunel staining (no apoptosis in either the fibrosa or the ventricularis when exposed to oscillatory shear) |
Shear forces | Porcine | 5 | Sucosky [56] | Cell fragmentation, apoptotic bodies in DAPI nuclear staining (no cell fragments or apoptotic bodies) |
Side-specific shear stress | Porcine | 4 | Sun [37] | Cell fragmentation, apoptotic bodies in DAPI, Apoptosis Tunel staining (No cell fragments or apoptotic bodies were detected, but minor cellular apoptosis via TUNEL assay in both tissue groups) |
Pulsatile shear forces | Porcine | 1–3 | Sun [38] | None |
Shear forces | Porcine | 2 | Weston [57] | None |
Static incubation | ||||
Cyclic stretch (10–20%) | Porcine | 1–2 | Balachandran [46] | Anti-bromodeoxyuridine cell proliferation IHC, Apoptosis Tunel Staining (Cell proliferation and apoptosis increased in a cyclic-stretch magnitude-dependent manner) |
Pro-calcifying medium (Static incubation) | Porcine | 14 | Chester [58] | Caspase 3 apoptosis IHC (absence of apoptosis after 14-days incubation in media alone; presence of caspase- 3 in the calcified regions demonstrating impact of apoptosis on calcification) |
Cyclic stretch and pressure | Porcine | 2 | Thayer [59] | None |
Pro-degenerative and -calcifying media (Static incubation) | Ovine | 56 | Weber [41] | LDH-membrane integrity assay (27/56d), no lysis control; (LDH levels not elevated) |
Cyclic pressure | Porcine | 2 | Xing [60] | None |
Anti-myofibroblast, osteogenic medium (Static incubation) | Porcine | 28 | Zabirnyk [39] | None |