Table 1 Engineered bacterial imaging vectors for various imaging modalities

PET/SPECT

Melanoma

S. Typhimurium

[¹²⁴I]FIAU

Mouse

[128]

Mammary carcinoma

E. coli Nissle 1917

[¹⁸F]FEAU

[¹²⁴I]FIAU

Mouse

[129]

Musculoskeletal bacterial infection

Staphylococci sp Enterococci sp

Proteus sp

E. coli sp

Pseudomonas sp

[¹²⁴I]FIAU

Human subjects

[130]

Bacterial infection

S. Typhimurium

[¹²⁵I]FIAU

[¹⁸F]FLT

Mouse

[131]

Bacterial infection

E. coli

S. aureus 29,213 and 25,923

Streptococcus pneumoniae 49,619

Enterococcus faecalis 49,532

Staphylococcus epidermidis F362

[¹²⁵I]FIAU

Mouse

[132]

Colon tumor

C. novyi-NT spores

[¹²⁵I]FIAU

Mouse

Lung infection

E. coli RS218

[¹²⁵I]FIAU

Mouse

[133]

Ultrasound

Gastrointestinal tract imaging

E. coli Nissle 1917

ARGs

Mouse

[134]

Ovarian tumor

S. Typhimurium

ARGs

Mouse

Breast tumor

E. coli Nissle 1917

ARGs

Mouse

[135]

MRI

Kidney tumor

M. magneticum AMB-1

magnetite (Fe₃O₄) particles

Mouse

[136]

Mammary tumor

E. coli Nissle 1917

Bacterioferritin

Mouse

[137]

Pancreatic carcinoma

C. novyi-NT

iron-oxide nanoparticles

Mouse

[138]

Liver carcinoma

C. novyi-NT spores

iron-oxide nanoparticles

Rat and rabbit

[139]

Fluorescence

DSS- induced Colitis

Gut commensal bacteria

D-amino acid hydroxycoumarin amino- D-alanine (HADA)

2-keto-3-deoxy-D-mannooctanoic acid (KDO) derivative

8-azido-8-deoxy-KDO (KDOAz)

N-cyclopropenyl galactosaminyl carbamate (GalCCP)

Mouse

[140]

Mammary tumor

E. coli

CytoCy5S

Mouse

[141]

Colon tumor

B. Breve

Bacterial infection

S. Typhimurium

Bacterial infection

S. aureus

UBI29-41-IG02

Mouse

[142]

Bacterial infection

E. coli

Maltodextrin-based imaging probes

Rat

[143]

Prostate tumor

S. Typhimurium A1

RFP (in PC-3 cell)

GFP

Mouse

[144]

Fever

E. coli

GFP (mWasabi)

Mouse

[145]

Bioluminescence

Intracolonic adenocarcinoma

E. coli

Luciferase (Lux)

Mouse

[146]

Colon carcinoma

Lung metastases

S. Typhimurium ΔppGpp

Renilla luciferase variant 8

Mouse

[147]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

S. Typhimurium VNP2009

mKate2 (in CFPAC-1 cell)

luciferase

Mouse

[148]

Infection model

S. aureus

Modified lux operon

Mouse

[149]

Thigh model of infection

E. coli

Luciferase

Mouse

[150]

Catheter-based infection

S. aureus

P. aeruginosa

Luciferase

Mouse

[151]

Bacterial implant infection model

S. aureus Xen29

Luciferase

Mouse

[152]

Infarcted myocardium

S. Typhimurium ΔppGpp

Renilla luciferase gene (RLuc8)

Mouse

[153]

Photoacoustic imaging

Colon tumor

Breast tumor

E. coli BL21

Melanin-pDA-ICG

Mouse

[154]

Breast tumor

E. coli

Phytochrome-based reporter protein (mDrBphP-PCMm/F469W)

Mouse

[155]

Melanoma

L. lactis

GFP

mCherry

IRFP713

β-galactosidase

Mouse

[156]

Breast tumor

Gastrointestinal tract

E. coli

S. aureus

M. luteus

P. aeruginosa

Modified gold nanoparticles with glucose polymer

Mouse

[157]