3D printed zirconia used as dental materials: a critical review

Table 1 Mechanical properties of 3D printed zirconia applied in dental materials

Raw Materials	Printing Methods	Printing Systems	Printing Parameters	Mechanical Properties	Reference
Enamel	-	-	-	Vickers Hardness: 2940–4800 MPa Fracture toughness: 0.6–1.8 MPa·m^1/2 Compressive strength: 261–400 MPa
Dentin	-	-	-	Vickers Hardness: 570–600 MPa Fracture toughness: 3.1 MPa.m^1/2 Compressive strength: 232–305 MPa
58 vol% Y-TZP	DLP	Ceramatrix, QuickDemos Company, China	Layer thickness: 25 µm Light intensity: 90 mW/cm²	Hardness: 1193 HV Fracture toughness: 3.44 ± 0.23 MPa·m^1/2	[35]
58 vol% Y-TZP	DLP	QuickDemos Company	Layer thickness: 25 µm Light intensity: 90 mW/cm²	Uniaxial strength: 1004.4 MPa Biaxial strength: 741.8 MPa	[8]
TZ-3YS-E	LCM	ADMAFLEX 2.0; ADMATEC Europe BV, The Netherlands	Layer thickness: 30 µm	Flexural strength: 943.26 ± 152.75 MPa Weibull modulus: 7.032	[36]
60 vol% Y-TZP	MEX	Delta Wasp 2040 Turbo, Wasproject, Massa Lombarda, IT	Layer thickness: 0.6 mm, Vertical wall thickness: 2.4 mm, Printing speed: 60 mm/s, Infill density: 65%, Pressure: 0.6 MPa	Flexural strength: 488.96 ± 79.84 MPa Fracture toughness: 2.63 ± 0.2 MPa·m^1/2 Compressive strength: 1.56 GPa Vickers hardness: 11.52 ± 0.57 GPa	[37]
3DCeram Sinto	SLA	3DCeram Sinto	Layer thickness: 25 µm	Weibull biaxial strength: 1108.8 MPa	[38]
42 vol% Y-TZP	LCM	CeraFab 7500 printer	Layer thickness: 25 μm; Exposure time: between 2.2 and 2.7 s	Vickers hardness: 13.4 ± 0.2 GPa Fracture toughness: 5.1 ± 0.3 MPa·m^1/2 Flexural strength: 878 MPa	[34]

ISSN: 1754-1611