Table 2 Bioprinted breast cancer models and their used biomaterials and cells

Methacrylated hyaluronic acid and methacrylated gelatin

Adipose derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and human epidermal receptor 2 positive breast primary breast cancer cells

Less sensitivity of 2D coculture of ADMSC and 21PT to doxorubicin, Low amount of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells in response to low-dose doxorubicin in ADMSC and 21PT-printed structures, When the thickness of the ADMSC layers was medium and thick, less cleaved Caspase-3 and less apoptosis were observed, increased DOX sensitivity of 21PT cells in bioprinted structures with LOX inhibitor Treatment

[135]

Polyethylene glycol with DMA on gelatin array Polyethylene

Michigan cancer foundation (MCF)-7 cells

Possibility of using cellular spheroids that mimic tumor structure for drug screening, bioprinted cellular spheroids have uniform cell seeding

[136]

Gelatin methacrylate and nanohydroxyapatite

Breast cancer cells and bone stromal cells

Possibility of studying the progression of breast cancer after metastasis by using the interaction of cancer cells with artificial bone microenvironment; Co-culture of breast cancer cells and bone stromal cells increases the growth of cancer cells, inhibits the growth of osteoblasts, increases vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, and decreases the alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts

[137]

Hydroxyapatite NPs suspended in hydrogel

MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, MSCs, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Breast cancer cells had spherical morphology and migratory characteristics. Co-culture of tumor cells with MSCs increased the formation of spherical clusters. This 3D matrix increased the drug resistance of breast cancer cells compared to 2D culture

[138]

Polyethylene glycol-diacrylate / Hydroxyapatite NPs

MDA-MB-231 / Human fetal osteoblast cell line hFOB

Breast cancer cells interacted with osteoblasts and prevented their proliferation. But osteoblasts stimulated the breast cancer cells growth. Both cell lines increased IL-8 secretion. Breast cancer cells co-cultured with osteoblasts in 3D printed matrix formed multicellular spheroids

[139, 140]

Hydroxyapatite NPs / GelMA / PEGDA

hFob / MDAMB-231 and MCF-7

3D printing provided the possibility of trans-endothelial migration and colony formation for metastatic breast cancer cells. In addition, this model made it possible to evaluate the interaction between cancer cells in a complex vascular microenvironment

[133, 141]

PLA / Hydroxyapatite NPs

MDA-MB-231/ MSCs

The scaffolds were favorable for the growth of metastatic breast cancer cells. Scaffolds with small hexagonal pores had higher cell density than square scaffolds

[142, 143]