Table 1 Various studies of nanocarriers of various polymers for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy

Polymer

Chitosan sodium alginate

Betamethasone sodium phosphate

Ionotropic gelation

168–692

In-vivo and in-vitro studies

Better in-vivo and in-vitro skin permeation studies.

[144]

Polymer

Chitosan

Bevacizumab

Emulsion evaporation

88.9 ± 106.7

In-vivo and in-vitro studies

These inhibit VEGF expression in rat retina and show a long duration of action

[145]

Liposo mes

Cholesterol

Bevacizumab

Dehydration rehydration

80 − 20

In-vivo cytotoxicity and transport

When compared to non-liposomal formulations, these achieve higher concentrations in the retina.

[130]

SLN

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide

Epigallocat echin gallate

Multiple emulsion

Less than 300

In-vivo and in-vitro release studies

There was no eye discomfort and first-order kinetic release with epigallocatechin-loaded cationic lipid nanoparticles.

[98]

NLC

Precirol ATO 5 squalene

Triamcinolone acetonide

Homogenization

100 to 300

In-vivo and in-vitro

The study with Triamcinol one loaded NLC found no eye harm or discomfort.

[146]

Polymer s

Chitosan

Curcumin

Coacervation

61.5 to 90

In-vivo and in-vitro studies

These were found to be nontoxic, nonirritant, and to have a better mucoadhesive action. Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles inhibited cell proliferation in the rabbit eye.

[147]