Fig. 3

Periodontitis may be detected using various platforms, including those based on electricity, DNA, immunosensors, electrochemistry, and optics. Nanomaterials are often used as transducer materials, playing a crucial role in advancing biosensors. A biosensor has four essential components: a bioreceptor, a transducer, a signal processor for transforming electrical signals into the required form, and an interface for displaying the results. Various metal nanoparticles (NPs), including AuNPs and AgNPs, as well as diverse forms of graphene oxide, carbon dots, and quantum dots, are synthesized using easy techniques and serve as distinct nanoplatforms for detecting circulating biomarkers