Table 2 Several non-metallic nanoparticles in periodontitis detection
From: Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensor for periodontitis detection
Type of Nanoparticles | Biomarker | Platform | LOD and other details | Time monitoring | Explain | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA-engineered nanozyme | S. mutans | colorimetric | 12 CFU mL–1 | 15 min | The functional bio-interfaces enhanced the bacteria's ability to reach the nanozyme surface, resulting in a wide variety of signal changes when the DNA probe density is optimized. The nanozymes modified with DNA exhibit a fast, without labeling, and susceptible method for directly detecting S. mutans via color changes | [131] |
Pt@Pd nanowires (NWs) | Chlorogenic acid (CGA) | Electrochemical sensor | LOD 7.8 nM and a wide linear range of 0.5 μM to 4 mM | Trigger electrochemical reactions faster | This structure effectively shielded hemin from self-destruction and resulted in Pt@Pd NWs-Hemin-PEI-rGO nanohybrids possessing a substantial electroactive surface area and exceptional electrochemical properties for detecting CGA. The electrochemical sensor, which does not need enzymes, is constructed using Pt@Pd nanowires functionalized with Hemin, PEI, and rGO | [121] |
Graphene (GPH) screen-printed electrode (SPE) functionalized by AuNSs | Salivary MMP-8 | Voltammetric immunosensor | Alinear range of 2.5–300 ng mL−1, a LOD value of 1.0 ± 0.1 ng mL−1 and a sensitivity of 0.05 µA mL cm−2 ng−1 | Fast and sensitive detection | This text discusses the creation of a new kind of sensor that uses voltammetry to detect salivary MMP-8. The electrochemical platform used a graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with AuNSs and antibodies specific to the MMP-8 protein (anti-MMP-8) | [115] |
n-type MoS2 quantum dots | Distinguishes the respiratory biomarkers and bite force | Point-of-care platform | 73.1% to 1 ppm NO2 with 10 ppb LOD under UV. Sensing ranges are 10%-160% strain and 5–250 kPa pressure | Fast detection | Researchers a multifunctional heterostructure called the WS2/MoS2 heterostructure—which combines n-type MoS2 QDs with p-type WS2 nanosheets—is built to enable multi-parameter sensing using a variety of substrates | [123] |
Peptide-QDs composite | S. mutans | Peptide-QDs composite fluorescent probe | - | Fast detection | Peptide-QDs composite fluorescent probe that enables early detection of susceptible sites conceals early carious lesions of dental caries and provides high-performance imaging of S. mutans | [124] |
GQDs@MnO2-NS nanoprobe | Lactoferrin | Fluorescence turns “On–Off-On” nanoprobe | 1.69 ng/mL and 5 to 1600 ng/mL | Fast detection | A GQDs@MnO2-NS nanoprobe was developed, which utilized manganese dioxide nanosheets (MnO2-NS) and straightforward, exceptionally sensitive, and selective fluorescent turn 'Off–On' mechanisms | [127] |
Nano-graphene oxide QDs (GOQDs) | hPDLSCs | Fluorescent imaging | 50 μg/mL | hPDLSCs were incubated with different concentrations of GOODs (0, 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL) for 24 h and 72 h | The project seeks to assess the safety and effectiveness of GOQDs as live cell fluorescence markers. Fluorescent images demonstrated that at a concentration of 50 μg/mL, GOQDs were capable of penetrating the cell membrane and augmenting the fluorescence intensity | [128] |