Fig. 5
Three-dimensional (3D) illustrations of the bulk liquid position in a 250-mL shake flask containing 5 μM fluorescein solution with 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8), rotated at 25 mm of shaking diameter, with the same viewing direction as in Figs. 2 and 4. The leading edge (LB) and tail of the bulk liquid (TB) are observed at azimuth and elevation angles of 180o and 6o, respectively. a, b and c indicate 3D illustrations of the bulk liquid with varying filling volume and shaking frequency of VL = 15 to 40 mL (at an increment of 5 mL) and n = 150, 250 and 350 rpm, respectively. d, e and f show 3D illustrations of the bulk liquid with varying shaking frequency and filling volume of n = 150 rpm to 400 rpm (at an increment of 25 and 50 rpm) and VL = 15, 25 and 40 mL, respectively